Recent years, there are many positive changes in the computer system. The size of the computer system getting reduced whereas its memory capacity, processing speed and power is tremendously increased. This improvement was possible because of microprocessors. The computer system built with microprocessor is known as microprocessor based computer system. The computer systems which specially used for desktop and personal use are therefore known as microprocessor based personal computer systems.
Microprocessor based personal computer includes three blocks:
1) Memory system
2) Microprocessor
3) Input/output system
These three blocks are interconnected by buses. Buses are to carry the data between them.
Memory System:
The memory system in the computer is organized by the operating system. The operating system decides the logical layout of the memory system.
The operating system manages the small and large pieces of different kinds of memory, some accessible by software application programs and some not. These are as follows:
a) Direct Addressable memory
• Conventional memory
• Upper Memory Area (UMA)
• Extended Memory Area (XMS)
b) Not direct addressable memory:
• High Memory Area (HMA)
• Expanded Memory (Absolute)
Microprocessor:
Microprocessor is the heart of microprocessor based computer system. It has an ability to perform simple arithmetic, logical and decision making operations on the data. For this purpose microprocessor has to read the data from memory or input/output devices. The data to be processed is temporarily stored into register array of microprocessor, register array contains a program counter register, which is used to hold the address of the next instruction or data to be fetched from memory. Instruction decoder decodes the fetched instructions and generates the control signal required to execute the instructions. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs the arithmetic operations such as addition, substation and logical operations.
Input/output system:
I/O devices allow the microprocessor to communicate with outside world.
I/O system allows the computer to access up to 64K different 8 bit I/O devices.
System operations related to I/O devices are not addressed directly (BIOS ROM does this job.
Most I/O accessing is done through DOS or BIOS to maintain compatibility between computers.
Microprocessor based personal computer includes three blocks:
1) Memory system
2) Microprocessor
3) Input/output system
These three blocks are interconnected by buses. Buses are to carry the data between them.
Memory System:
The memory system in the computer is organized by the operating system. The operating system decides the logical layout of the memory system.
The operating system manages the small and large pieces of different kinds of memory, some accessible by software application programs and some not. These are as follows:
a) Direct Addressable memory
• Conventional memory
• Upper Memory Area (UMA)
• Extended Memory Area (XMS)
b) Not direct addressable memory:
• High Memory Area (HMA)
• Expanded Memory (Absolute)
Microprocessor:
Microprocessor is the heart of microprocessor based computer system. It has an ability to perform simple arithmetic, logical and decision making operations on the data. For this purpose microprocessor has to read the data from memory or input/output devices. The data to be processed is temporarily stored into register array of microprocessor, register array contains a program counter register, which is used to hold the address of the next instruction or data to be fetched from memory. Instruction decoder decodes the fetched instructions and generates the control signal required to execute the instructions. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs the arithmetic operations such as addition, substation and logical operations.
Input/output system:
I/O devices allow the microprocessor to communicate with outside world.
I/O system allows the computer to access up to 64K different 8 bit I/O devices.
System operations related to I/O devices are not addressed directly (BIOS ROM does this job.
Most I/O accessing is done through DOS or BIOS to maintain compatibility between computers.
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